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| signature = Bertrand Russell signature.svg |alma_matter = Trinity College, Cambridge}} Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (; 18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic and political activist.〔Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ("Bertrand Russell" ), 1 May 2003〕 At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense.〔"I have imagined myself in turn a Liberal, a Socialist, or a Pacifist, but I have never been any of these things, in any profound sense."—''Autobiography'', p. 260.〕 He was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain. In the early 20th century, Russell led the British "revolt against idealism".〔Russell and G. E. Moore broke themselves free from British Idealism which, for nearly 90 years, had dominated British philosophy. Russell would later recall in "My Mental Development" that "with a sense of escaping from prison, we allowed ourselves to think that grass is green, that the sun and stars would exist if no one was aware of them ..."—Russell B, (1944) "My Mental Development", in Schilpp, Paul Arthur: ''The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell'', New York: Tudor, 1951, pp 3–20.〕 He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, colleague G. E. Moore, and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians.〔 With A. N. Whitehead he wrote ''Principia Mathematica'', an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy".〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Peter )〕 His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics. Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism and went to prison for his pacifism during World War I.〔Samoiloff, Louise Cripps. ''C .L. R. James: Memories and Commentaries'', p. 19. Associated University Presses, 1997. ISBN 0-8453-4865-5〕 Later, he campaigned against Adolf Hitler, then criticised Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".〔(The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 — Bertrand Russell ): ''The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 was awarded to Bertrand Russell "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".'' Retrieved on 22 March 2013.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=British Nobel Prize Winners (1950) )〕 ==Biography== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bertrand Russell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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